Difficulties
in Managing Data
Amount
of data increases exponentially.
Data
are scattered and collected by many
individuals using various methods and devices.
Data
come from many sources.
Data
security, quality and integrity are critical.
Data
Life Cycle
The
Database Approach
Data redundancy: The
same data are stored in many places.
data isolation:
Applications cannot access data associated with other applications.
Data inconsistency:
Various copies of the data do not agree.
Data security:
Keeping the organization’s data safe from theft, modification,
and/or destruction.
Data integrity:
Data must meet constraints (e.g., student grade point averages
cannot be negative).
Data independence:
Applications and data are independent of one another.
Applications and data are not linked to
each other, meaning that
applications are able to access the same
data.
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